The New Jersey Employment Law Firm Blog

January 22, 2025

Equal Pay Laws in New Jersey

Disparities in wages and salaries remain a pernicious form of employment discrimination. According to the Pew Research Center, the nationwide gender pay gap only improved by 2% from 2002 to 2022. Women, on average, earned $0.80 for every $1 men earned in 2002, and $0.82 per $1 two decades later. These disparities can be much more pronounced when other factors, such as race, are taken into account. Both federal and New Jersey employment laws are working to address the issue, but it remains an issue. Lilly Ledbetter became an unintentional pioneer in this fight when Congress passed a law named after her that helps employees prove pay discrimination in court. Mrs. Ledbetter passed away at the age of 86 on October 12, 2024. In honor of her contributions to the battle for pay equity, we offer this review of her impact on federal pay discrimination law.

Several federal statutes address pay discrimination. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 amended the minimum wage section of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). It applies specifically to gender-based disparities in pay for equal work, treating them as minimum wage and overtime violations.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers discrimination “with respect to…compensation” based on race, sex, religion, color, and national origin. Section 706(e) of the statute states that an employee must file a charge within 180 days of an alleged discriminatory practice. This makes sense when the employee is aware of the discriminatory practice at or near the time it occurs, such as in many cases involving sexual harassment or wrongful termination. Pay discrimination can be much harder to identify. This is where Lilly Ledbetter enters the story.
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November 29, 2024

New State Law Requires Pay Transparency by New Jersey Employers

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Disparities in wages and salaries remain a major form of workplace discrimination. New Jersey employment laws have tried to address this issue, but it can be difficult to identify wage discrimination, especially when employers attempt to prevent discussion about wages and salaries. The New Jersey Legislature passed a law in September 2024 that requires pay transparency. Covered employers will be required to include wage or salary information in job postings and announcements for transfer opportunities. The law does not allow employees to file lawsuits for violations, but it does impose civil penalties. It will take effect on June 1, 2025.

The pay transparency law applies to New Jersey employers with at least ten employees over at least twenty weeks in a year. Its definition of “employer” is fairly broad. Employment agencies and job placement agencies fall under the definition if they meet the minimum employee requirement.

The law sets two main requirements for covered employers. The first involves the disclosure of pay in postings for “new jobs and transfer opportunities.” It applies to both external postings, such as those posted on job search websites and other resources, and postings made internally within the company. Postings must include:
– The hourly wage or salary for the job, or the wage or salary range; and
– A “general description” of benefits and other compensation for which an employee would be eligible in the listed job.
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November 22, 2024

New Jersey Employment Law and Political Speech in the Workplace

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

The 2024 election is over, but arguments over politics are likely to continue for quite some time. Families might fight about politics at the dinner table, but what happens when political speech enters the workplace? What rights do employees have to speak about matters of political importance at work, and what rights do employers have to limit or restrict such speech? The answer depends, in part, on whether an employer is public or private. Public employers are subject to the First Amendment’s free speech provisions. Private employers are not, but they are still subject to limitations regarding restricting political speech. Federal and New Jersey employment laws allow employees to discuss certain issues at work, some of which may be deemed political.

Public Employers

The First Amendment states, in part, that the government may not “abridg[e] the freedom of speech.” This protection only applies to actions by or on behalf of the government. Public employers, as part of the government, are bound by the First Amendment. This does not mean that public employees have an unlimited right to speak their minds without concern for their jobs.

First of all, public employers have a right to maintain a professional and orderly workplace. Employees do not have a First Amendment right to speak in ways that disrupt their employer’s ordinary operations. This is similar to how governments can regulate the time and place of certain types of speech. A person can hold a rally in a park in the afternoon, for example, but not at 2:00 a.m. on a residential street.
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November 18, 2024

NLRB Final Rule Reinstates Several Union Organizing Tools That May Affect New Jersey Workers

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Under federal and New Jersey employment laws, workers have the right to organize themselves for collective bargaining and other activities related to advocacy for their interests in the workplace. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) oversees multiple aspects of federal labor law. This includes investigating alleged violations of workers’ rights under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), overseeing union elections, and bringing administrative cases against employers or unions. Some of the NLRA’s language is rather vague, leaving interpretation and implementation of the law to the NLRB. The administrative rulemaking process allows the NLRB to create rules and regulations based on the NLRA. These rules tend to shift as different administrations move in and out of the White House. This summer, the NLRB issued a final rule that makes several changes to the regulations. Some — but not necessarily all — of the changes may be helpful to New Jersey workers.

The NLRA addresses a variety of issues involved in labor relations.
– Section 7 of the statute defines employees’ rights, although it does so in very general terms. These include the right to organize, engage in collective bargaining, and engage in other activities related to “mutual aid or protection.” Employees also have the right to refrain from any of these activities.
– Section 8 defines “unfair labor practices” by employers and unions, such as restraining or coercing employees with regard to their rights under § 7.
– Section 9 deals with how to designate a union as employees’ official representative for collective bargaining, including procedures for union elections.
– Section 10 outlines the NLRB’s power to investigate and adjudicate complaints.

The NLRB’s new rule rescinds a 2020 rule and reinstates several practices that tend to benefit unions. One such practice is known as a “blocking charge.” This allows regional NLRB directors to postpone a pending election if they receive a charge alleging unfair labor practices that would restrict “employee free choice” in that election. The NLRB can investigate the charge before proceeding with the election. The 2020 rule required regional directors to allow election to go on despite the charge.
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November 8, 2024

How AI Can Cause Inadvertent Disability Discrimination in New Jersey Workplaces

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 protects workers against discrimination because of injuries, illnesses, and other conditions that impair their daily lives. The statute prohibits employers from discrimination based on disability and requires them to provide reasonable accommodations to help employees with disabilities perform their jobs. Compliance with the ADA often requires careful consideration of employees’ needs on a case-by-case basis. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has addressed concerns about employers’ use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to handle various tasks once left to human employees. The agency has identified areas of concern where an AI system could lead to ADA violations.

Protections Under the ADA

An employer may not “discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability” in matters like hiring, promotions, termination and layoffs, compensation, and other aspects of employment. The ADA prohibits “medical examinations and inquiries” intended to assess whether an individual has a covered disability, or the extent of such a disability.

The statute imposes an obligation on employers to make reasonable accommodations for “the known physical or mental limitations” of an employee or job applicant who is otherwise able to perform their job duties. The only exception is when an employer can show that an accommodation “would impose an undue hardship” on the employer’s business. Accommodations that have been deemed “reasonable” include wheelchair access, flexible scheduling, and reading assistance for employees with visual impairments.
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November 1, 2024

Third Circuit Allows Religious Discrimination Claim Involving Vaccine Mandate to Proceed

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Both private and public employers have obligations to their employees under New Jersey employment laws. These include obligations to pay a minimum wage and to maintain a workplace reasonably free from discrimination and harassment. Public employers, such as state and local agencies and officials, may also have a duty to respect their employees’ constitutional rights. An employee who believes their employer has discriminated against them because of their religion can bring a claim under a state or federal employment statute. If they work for a public employer, they may also be able to claim a violation of their First Amendment right to freedom of religion. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals, whose jurisdiction includes New Jersey, recently ruled in favor of an employee’s religious discrimination claim. Rather than suing under an employment statute, the employee alleged violations of the First Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause.

Public employees may be able to assert claims against their employers for violations of certain constitutional rights. Many claims rely on 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which allows a person to sue for deprivation of constitutional rights for actions taken “under color of any statute” or other law. Section 1983 claims are common in a wide variety of incidents involving government officials or agencies, from police brutality to employment discrimination.

It is also possible to allege a constitutional violation directly as a cause of action. These types of claims often involve First Amendment rights. For example, public employers do not have as much leeway to restrict their employees’ speech as private employers do. Public employees may be able to assert claims involving violations of their rights to free speech, freedom of religion, or other rights under the First Amendment.
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October 25, 2024

What the Four-Fifths Rule Means in New Jersey Employment Discrimination Cases Involving AI

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Employment discrimination on the basis of factors like race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability is unlawful under New Jersey employment law. Broadly speaking, courts have identified two types of unlawful employment discrimination: discriminatory intent and disparate impact. Cases based on discriminatory intent often involve overt bias. In disparate impact cases, an employer may violate the law if their policy or practice has an outsized adverse impact on a protected group, even if it appears outwardly neutral. A group of federal agencies developed a guideline several decades ago, known as the Four-Fifths Rule, for determining when a policy or practice has too much of a disparate impact on a protected group. While this rule significantly predates the current use of artificial intelligence (AI) in employment, it provides a useful guide for assessing when an AI tool might violate employment laws.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the main federal statute dealing with employment discrimination. It mentions five protected categories by name: race, sex, religion, color, and national origin. Congress amended the statute in 1978 to add discrimination based on pregnancy and childbirth to the definition of sex discrimination. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that sex discrimination includes discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

The Four-Fifths Rule is based on uniform guidelines developed by four federal agencies in 1978: the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Civil Service Commission, the Department Of Labor, and the Department of Justice. Although it includes the word “rule,” the Four-Fifths Rule is more like a guideline that provides an idea of when an employment practice might run afoul of the law.
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October 17, 2024

Department of Labor Guidance Discusses Risks Posed by AI to Wage and Hour Laws

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more common in computer applications, lawmakers and policymakers have taken notice. This includes the use of AI by employers. For example, several bills introduced in the state legislature would add AI protections to New Jersey employment law. The White House issued an executive order in October 2023 calling for policies that “mitigate AI’s potential harms to employees’ well-being and maximize its potential benefits.” In April 2024, the Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour Division (WHD) issued Field Assistance Bulletin (FAB) 2024-1, which addresses the potential legal issues that AI may pose under several federal employment statutes.

AI and Federal Employment Laws

The WHD uses the definition of “artificial intelligence” that Congress adopted in the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020: a “machine-based system” that can “make predictions, recommendations or decisions influencing real or virtual environments” based on “human-defined objectives.” This consists of three steps, according to the statute:
1. The system perceives an environment.
2. It “abstract[s] such perceptions into models” using an automated system.
3. It “use[s] model inference” to produce new information, including recommendations or conclusions.
Employers may use automated AI tools for a wide range of analytical purposes related to hiring, management, HR, and employee and labor relations.

Potential AI Issues Identified by the WHD

FAB 2024-1 discusses potential problems under three employment statutes.
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October 11, 2024

Retail Workers Settle Overtime Pay Claim for $1.25 Million

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Employees who are not exempt from overtime rules are entitled to a greater pay rate for any hours they work over forty in a week. Federal and New Jersey employment laws protect this right and impose penalties and legal liability on employers who fail to pay overtime rates to their employees. Under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), an employer may be liable to employees for double the amount of unpaid overtime. The statute allows an employee to bring a lawsuit on behalf of themselves and other employees in similar circumstances. A group of retail employees recently settled a lawsuit that alleged overtime violations under the FLSA and state law. As part of the settlement, the defendant agreed to pay $1.25 million in damages.

The FLSA requires employers to pay time-and-a-half to non-exempt employees for overtime work. Generally speaking, overtime hours begin once an employee has worked forty hours. The statute uses the term “workweek,” but does not provide a definition. Employers may vary on how they define the term, although a workweek must consist of seven days. A workweek typically goes from Monday to Sunday or Sunday to Saturday. If an employee works forty-five hours during the period that the employer considers a workweek, the employer must pay them the overtime rate for five hours.

Section 16(b) of the FLSA allows employees to bring collective actions for “other employees similarly situated.” A collective action under the FLSA is similar to a class action in many ways. It allows multiple employees with similar claims to pool their claims, which can make asserting their rights more efficient. One important difference is that FLSA collective actions are strictly “opt-in.” Some class actions automatically include all parties who meet the criteria for the class unless they opt out of class membership. For an FLSA collective action, potential plaintiffs must give written consent to be part of the lawsuit.
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October 4, 2024

New Jersey Supreme Court Rules on Medical Staff’s Employment Contract Dispute

by Resnick Law Group, P.C.

Employers who enter into contracts with their workers have an obligation to abide by the terms of those contracts. These obligations exist independent of any federal or New Jersey employment laws. Contract law governs the enforcement of contractual terms. An employment action that does not violate an employment statute might still violate contract law. The New Jersey Supreme Court recently ruled in a case involving several contract law claims against a hospital. The plaintiffs alleged that the hospital breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. This is a legal principle that holds that every contract carries an implied agreement that the parties will deal fairly with one another and negotiate in good faith. The court’s ruling is complicated, going in the plaintiffs’ favor in some ways, but not in other ways. The ruling nevertheless provides a useful guide for how this implied covenant may arise in employment situations.

The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is almost impossible to define. It depends heavily on the circumstances of each case. Factors that may be important include the relative power and resources of each party to a contract, the history of negotiations and agreements between them, and the nature of a specific agreement. The implied covenant generally prohibits parties from acts like hiding or misrepresenting important information or taking steps to undermine the other party’s ability to perform their obligations or benefit from the contract. It may arise in claims like wrongful termination.

The plaintiffs in the case described above are a group of neurosurgeons. According to the court’s decision, they first obtained core privileges and admitting privileges at the defendant’s hospital in 2003. While this is not the same as most people’s employment arrangements, the same legal principles can apply to many employer-employee relationships. “Core privileges” means that the plaintiffs could use the hospital to perform neurosurgical procedures. “Admitting privileges” allow physicians to admit established patients to the hospital.
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